Tolle causam. Identify and treat the causes.
Naturopaths, herbalists and holistic nutritionists - we all pride ourselves on treating holistically, not symptomatically. We know symptoms are not random defects but attempts by the body to adapt, recover, and heal.
But what if our profession’s understanding of “root cause” has itself been uprooted from its origins?
What if the systems that taught us to “fix” and “purify” the body were shaped by the same colonial worldviews that divided nature from culture, and reason from intuition?
As Sabrina Strings shows in Fearing the Black Body, Western medicine and wellness alike inherited a moral code that tied discipline, restraint, and whiteness to health. Modern diet culture - and much of what passes as “clean” or “natural” living - still carries this legacy.
If our goal is Tolle Causam, then we can’t stop at physiology. We have to trace the roots right down, deep down into the soil of culture, power, and history. Because disordered eating, weight stigma, and body shame are not individual failures.
They’re predictable outcomes of a system that worships control and pathologises difference.
When we start to see diet culture and disordered eating through that lens, it’s clear they aren’t personal failings - they’re colonial inheritances.
Our profession didn’t create these hierarchies, but we HAVE absorbed them. They show up every time “balance” is framed as self-discipline, every time “toxins” are blamed instead of trauma, every time we mistake restriction for healing.
Decolonising wellness means recognising that many of our “root cause” approaches were built within a white, Western worldview that equated thinness, discipline, and control with virtue. As Sabrina Strings (2019) shows in Fearing the Black Body, modern fatphobia emerged from the same racial hierarchies that defined who was seen as civilised or worthy. These hierarchies still echo in the way we talk about “clean eating,” “toxins,” and “fixing” the body.
This is where naturopathy, for all its holistic intentions, can lose its roots.
When our clinical gaze is shaped by colonial ideals of control and purity, we risk reproducing the very harm we claim to heal.
And yet, there are two glaring blind spots where we often forget this principle in practice:
When we reduce health to body weight, we mistake correlation for causation... and we ignore the true roots.
Naturopaths, herbalists and holistic nutritionists - we all pride ourselves on treating holistically, not symptomatically. We know symptoms are not random defects but attempts by the body to adapt, recover, and heal.
But what if our profession’s understanding of “root cause” has itself been uprooted from its origins?
What if the systems that taught us to “fix” and “purify” the body were shaped by the same colonial worldviews that divided nature from culture, and reason from intuition?
As Sabrina Strings shows in Fearing the Black Body, Western medicine and wellness alike inherited a moral code that tied discipline, restraint, and whiteness to health. Modern diet culture - and much of what passes as “clean” or “natural” living - still carries this legacy.
If our goal is Tolle Causam, then we can’t stop at physiology. We have to trace the roots right down, deep down into the soil of culture, power, and history. Because disordered eating, weight stigma, and body shame are not individual failures.
They’re predictable outcomes of a system that worships control and pathologises difference.
When we start to see diet culture and disordered eating through that lens, it’s clear they aren’t personal failings - they’re colonial inheritances.
Our profession didn’t create these hierarchies, but we HAVE absorbed them. They show up every time “balance” is framed as self-discipline, every time “toxins” are blamed instead of trauma, every time we mistake restriction for healing.
Decolonising wellness means recognising that many of our “root cause” approaches were built within a white, Western worldview that equated thinness, discipline, and control with virtue. As Sabrina Strings (2019) shows in Fearing the Black Body, modern fatphobia emerged from the same racial hierarchies that defined who was seen as civilised or worthy. These hierarchies still echo in the way we talk about “clean eating,” “toxins,” and “fixing” the body.
This is where naturopathy, for all its holistic intentions, can lose its roots.
When our clinical gaze is shaped by colonial ideals of control and purity, we risk reproducing the very harm we claim to heal.
And yet, there are two glaring blind spots where we often forget this principle in practice:
- Prescribing weight loss as a treatment for chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, PCOS, cardiovascular disease, and infertility.
- Failing to recognise and address eating disorders and disordered eating, which themselves are often the deeper causes of digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and mental health presentations.
When we reduce health to body weight, we mistake correlation for causation... and we ignore the true roots.
Weight ISSUES AREN't a Cause, they're a Symptom
Higher body weight is correlated with many chronic diseases.
But correlation is not causation.
When we treat weight itself as pathology, we’re repeating colonial logic: identifying the “problem body,” marking it as deviant, and attempting to control it into compliance. As Nalgona Positivity Pride writes in Anti-Colonial Approaches to Eating Disorder Healing, Western frameworks individualise distress instead of naming the power systems that create it: patriarchy, capitalism, white supremacy. In doing so, we turn systemic trauma into personal failure.
But before I tap into the systems bit, let's dissect that correlation is not causation part as it pertains to higher body weight.
Take baldness: baldness doesn’t cause heart disease. But men with higher testosterone are more likely to experience both. We don’t treat the baldness - we address the cardiovascular disease and the hormone imbalance driving it.
Or yellow teeth: they don’t cause lung cancer. Smoking increases the likelihood of both. We don’t whiten the teeth - we support the client to reduce or cease smoking, and address the lung and systemic damage.
Weight works the same way. Having more body fat doesn’t cause diabetes. We see plenty of people at higher weights without diabetes, and plenty in smaller bodies who do develop it. The common denominator is metabolic dysregulation: insulin resistance, chronic stress, or endocrine disruption that can both increase fat storage and impair glucose regulation.
This is why focusing on weight loss misses the mark. The root cause is not “fatness” - it’s physiology and environment. And the intervention is not calorie restriction. It’s health behaviours: supporting insulin sensitivity with balanced, nutrient-dense meals, perhaps some pointed supplementation with key missing nutrients, herbs suited to the client's constitution and lifestyle, encouraging enjoyable movement, reducing stress where possible (this very much relates to the systems we exist in), improving sleep, and addressing stigma and social factors.
Sure, a client might lose some weight as a side effect of healthier behaviours... but that weight change is not the measure of success. The real markers are improved blood glucose regulation, reduced insulin resistance, and improved quality of life.
In other words: we treat the smoking, not the yellow teeth.
We treat the metabolism, not the weight.
Prescribing a calorie-restricted diet (even one with a "natural" label as I described here and here) will not address these root causes. And it may very well worsen them by triggering weight cycling, stress, and disordered eating.
As Lindo Bacon puts it in Body Respect: “Telling someone to lose weight to manage their diabetes is like telling them to whiten their teeth to manage emphysema.” (Bacon & Aphramor, 2014). I would add, this is especially applicable if the methods employed involve restrictive dieting and/or excessive exercise for the sake of burning calories - methods still used and celebrated in modern natural medicine.
And if a client presents without outward disease but with a wish to “just lose weight”? That too is a symptom: of diet mentality, internalised weight stigma, trauma, shame, and/or dysregulation. Our job isn’t to collude with that symptom. It’s to dig deeper, identify the true causes, and support healing at the roots.
If our oath is to tolle causam, then prescribing weight loss is an obvious breach of that oath.
But correlation is not causation.
When we treat weight itself as pathology, we’re repeating colonial logic: identifying the “problem body,” marking it as deviant, and attempting to control it into compliance. As Nalgona Positivity Pride writes in Anti-Colonial Approaches to Eating Disorder Healing, Western frameworks individualise distress instead of naming the power systems that create it: patriarchy, capitalism, white supremacy. In doing so, we turn systemic trauma into personal failure.
But before I tap into the systems bit, let's dissect that correlation is not causation part as it pertains to higher body weight.
Take baldness: baldness doesn’t cause heart disease. But men with higher testosterone are more likely to experience both. We don’t treat the baldness - we address the cardiovascular disease and the hormone imbalance driving it.
Or yellow teeth: they don’t cause lung cancer. Smoking increases the likelihood of both. We don’t whiten the teeth - we support the client to reduce or cease smoking, and address the lung and systemic damage.
Weight works the same way. Having more body fat doesn’t cause diabetes. We see plenty of people at higher weights without diabetes, and plenty in smaller bodies who do develop it. The common denominator is metabolic dysregulation: insulin resistance, chronic stress, or endocrine disruption that can both increase fat storage and impair glucose regulation.
This is why focusing on weight loss misses the mark. The root cause is not “fatness” - it’s physiology and environment. And the intervention is not calorie restriction. It’s health behaviours: supporting insulin sensitivity with balanced, nutrient-dense meals, perhaps some pointed supplementation with key missing nutrients, herbs suited to the client's constitution and lifestyle, encouraging enjoyable movement, reducing stress where possible (this very much relates to the systems we exist in), improving sleep, and addressing stigma and social factors.
Sure, a client might lose some weight as a side effect of healthier behaviours... but that weight change is not the measure of success. The real markers are improved blood glucose regulation, reduced insulin resistance, and improved quality of life.
In other words: we treat the smoking, not the yellow teeth.
We treat the metabolism, not the weight.
Prescribing a calorie-restricted diet (even one with a "natural" label as I described here and here) will not address these root causes. And it may very well worsen them by triggering weight cycling, stress, and disordered eating.
As Lindo Bacon puts it in Body Respect: “Telling someone to lose weight to manage their diabetes is like telling them to whiten their teeth to manage emphysema.” (Bacon & Aphramor, 2014). I would add, this is especially applicable if the methods employed involve restrictive dieting and/or excessive exercise for the sake of burning calories - methods still used and celebrated in modern natural medicine.
And if a client presents without outward disease but with a wish to “just lose weight”? That too is a symptom: of diet mentality, internalised weight stigma, trauma, shame, and/or dysregulation. Our job isn’t to collude with that symptom. It’s to dig deeper, identify the true causes, and support healing at the roots.
If our oath is to tolle causam, then prescribing weight loss is an obvious breach of that oath.
The Overlooked Root: Disordered Eating
A bigger issue lurks underneath: disordered eating itself.
Diet culture itself is not neutral; it’s a colonial export. “Clean” versus “dirty,” “disciplined” versus “lazy,” “natural” versus “processed” - these binaries mirror the moral codes used to justify domination of both bodies and lands. Decolonizing Wellness author Dalia Kinsey reminds us that wellness culture often rebrands old hierarchies as "self-improvement". The thin, white, able-bodied ideal remains the silent template.
Far too often, the root cause of our clients’ distress isn’t fatness. Their distress is the consequence of chronic undernourishment and dysregulation:
These patterns starve the body of energy and nutrients. They dysregulate the nervous system.
They worsen digestion, hormones, fertility, and mental health.
Eating disorders remain a MASSIVE naturopathic blind spot. Despite their prevalence, they are often under-recognised in clinical practice. Anorexia nervosa, in particular, carries one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Arcelus, Mitchell, Wales, & Nielsen, 2011).
Approximately 4% of the Australian population are living with an eating disorder at any one time (NEDC, 2024). By comparison, around 5% of Australians live with type 2 diabetes (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2022). Those are very similar occurrence rates, yet think of how many hours we (health practitioners) spent at uni learning about blood glucose regulation, insulin resistance and so on, compared to how long we spent learning about eating disorders....
Exactly.
And then there's disordered eating more generally.
While clinical eating disorders affect a smaller proportion of the overall adult population, disordered eating behaviours (including chronic dieting, binge eating, and compensatory behaviours) affect a much larger proportion of people.
One U.S. survey found that up to three in four (~75 %) of women aged 25-45 reported unhealthy relationships with food or body image at some point (Bulik & Reba-Harrelson, 2008).
Take that in.... three quarters of ALL women will experience disordered eating and/or body image concern in their lifetimes. That. Is. HUGE.
Diet culture itself is not neutral; it’s a colonial export. “Clean” versus “dirty,” “disciplined” versus “lazy,” “natural” versus “processed” - these binaries mirror the moral codes used to justify domination of both bodies and lands. Decolonizing Wellness author Dalia Kinsey reminds us that wellness culture often rebrands old hierarchies as "self-improvement". The thin, white, able-bodied ideal remains the silent template.
Far too often, the root cause of our clients’ distress isn’t fatness. Their distress is the consequence of chronic undernourishment and dysregulation:
- Skipping meals or fasting to meet diet rules.
- Restricting entire food groups, mismanaged GLP-1 medication use, or extensively following weight loss meal plans, leading to nutrient deficiencies.
- Over-exercise followed by burnout or injury.
- Emotional eating, bingeing, or purging in response to trauma, stress, or shame.
These patterns starve the body of energy and nutrients. They dysregulate the nervous system.
They worsen digestion, hormones, fertility, and mental health.
Eating disorders remain a MASSIVE naturopathic blind spot. Despite their prevalence, they are often under-recognised in clinical practice. Anorexia nervosa, in particular, carries one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder (Arcelus, Mitchell, Wales, & Nielsen, 2011).
Approximately 4% of the Australian population are living with an eating disorder at any one time (NEDC, 2024). By comparison, around 5% of Australians live with type 2 diabetes (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2022). Those are very similar occurrence rates, yet think of how many hours we (health practitioners) spent at uni learning about blood glucose regulation, insulin resistance and so on, compared to how long we spent learning about eating disorders....
Exactly.
And then there's disordered eating more generally.
While clinical eating disorders affect a smaller proportion of the overall adult population, disordered eating behaviours (including chronic dieting, binge eating, and compensatory behaviours) affect a much larger proportion of people.
One U.S. survey found that up to three in four (~75 %) of women aged 25-45 reported unhealthy relationships with food or body image at some point (Bulik & Reba-Harrelson, 2008).
Take that in.... three quarters of ALL women will experience disordered eating and/or body image concern in their lifetimes. That. Is. HUGE.
Trauma, Dysregulation, Oppression - Not Willpower
When clients struggle with food and body, the cause generally isn’t “lack of willpower.”
It’s trauma.
It’s nervous system dysregulation.
It’s poverty and oppression.
It’s weight stigma and chronic stress.
Here again, anti-colonial frameworks expand what we mean by "trauma". As Nalgona Positivity Pride highlights in her work, eating disorders are inseparable from the collective and historical trauma of colonisation - the loss of land, language, food sovereignty, and body sovereignty. When communities are disconnected from ancestral foodways, that rupture manifests as both hunger and shame.
I have experienced this personally, and I wrote about that here.
Bessel van der Kolk reminds us in The Body Keeps the Score that trauma lives in the body, shaping physiology, not just psychology (van der Kolk, 2014). Stephen Porges’ polyvagal theory explains how chronic threat states lock the nervous system into survival patterns, including around food (Porges, 2011).
In short: disordered eating is often the body’s best attempt at coping. A strategy for survival when regulation and safety are missing.
Once we understand this, prescribing Metabolic Balance or a practitioner-only weight loss program for a person desperate to lose weight might not seem like such a good idea, after all.
In fact, it seems like a terrible fucking idea - when instead we should be helping that person feel safe in their body again.
We should be building stability, not throwing more restriction at them.
We should be nourishing, not disciplining.
We should be asking, “What threat is the body still responding to?” instead of, “How can we make it smaller?”
Because when someone comes to us desperate to lose weight, what they’re really craving is RELIEF. From shame. From fear. From disconnection.
And real talk: our profession has a long history of mistaking control for care... a legacy that mirrors the colonial values our whole wellness culture was built on. The thin, compliant, “pure” body became the model of health, and anything outside it was pathologised.
But healing isn’t about compliance. It’s about connection.
It’s about helping people rebuild trust in their hunger, their cues, their bodies, their stories.
When we recognise disordered eating as the body’s best attempt to survive in an unsafe world, the goal isn’t to dominate that body into submission.
It’s to create the conditions where it no longer needs to protect itself that way.
That’s real tolle causam. And that’s the medicine that actually heals.
It’s trauma.
It’s nervous system dysregulation.
It’s poverty and oppression.
It’s weight stigma and chronic stress.
Here again, anti-colonial frameworks expand what we mean by "trauma". As Nalgona Positivity Pride highlights in her work, eating disorders are inseparable from the collective and historical trauma of colonisation - the loss of land, language, food sovereignty, and body sovereignty. When communities are disconnected from ancestral foodways, that rupture manifests as both hunger and shame.
I have experienced this personally, and I wrote about that here.
Bessel van der Kolk reminds us in The Body Keeps the Score that trauma lives in the body, shaping physiology, not just psychology (van der Kolk, 2014). Stephen Porges’ polyvagal theory explains how chronic threat states lock the nervous system into survival patterns, including around food (Porges, 2011).
In short: disordered eating is often the body’s best attempt at coping. A strategy for survival when regulation and safety are missing.
Once we understand this, prescribing Metabolic Balance or a practitioner-only weight loss program for a person desperate to lose weight might not seem like such a good idea, after all.
In fact, it seems like a terrible fucking idea - when instead we should be helping that person feel safe in their body again.
We should be building stability, not throwing more restriction at them.
We should be nourishing, not disciplining.
We should be asking, “What threat is the body still responding to?” instead of, “How can we make it smaller?”
Because when someone comes to us desperate to lose weight, what they’re really craving is RELIEF. From shame. From fear. From disconnection.
And real talk: our profession has a long history of mistaking control for care... a legacy that mirrors the colonial values our whole wellness culture was built on. The thin, compliant, “pure” body became the model of health, and anything outside it was pathologised.
But healing isn’t about compliance. It’s about connection.
It’s about helping people rebuild trust in their hunger, their cues, their bodies, their stories.
When we recognise disordered eating as the body’s best attempt to survive in an unsafe world, the goal isn’t to dominate that body into submission.
It’s to create the conditions where it no longer needs to protect itself that way.
That’s real tolle causam. And that’s the medicine that actually heals.
Where Non-Diet Frameworks Fit
This is where non-diet frameworks like Intuitive Eating or Health at Every Size offer real root-cause medicine. And when we talk about “intuitive,” it’s worth remembering that intuition itself has been colonised - mistrusted, medicalised, or dismissed as “unscientific.” Decolonising wellness asks us to re-sacralise body knowing, to see it as ancestral wisdom rather than indulgence.
As someone currently undertaking certification in Intuitive Eating counselling, the following principles in particular have stood out for me as being particularly helpful when working with the root causes of disordered eating:
Together, these principles bring us back to the actual roots: nervous system regulation, nutrient adequacy, and dismantling the internalised shame of diet culture.
And yet, the deepest roots are cultural. As Gloria Lucas of Nalgona Positivity Pride writes, “Healing from an eating disorder is not a return to normal - it’s a return to yourself.” For many of our clients (and ourselves), that “return” involves decolonising what we’ve been taught about discipline, beauty, and worth.
And of course, roots aren’t only inside the body or psyche.
External environments matter too: stigma, poverty, racism, and cultural oppression are powerful determinants of health.
If we truly want to treat the cause, we must widen our lens beyond biochemistry and behaviour.
We must look at the soil our clients - and our profession - grow from.
Because disordered eating doesn’t just emerge from individual trauma; it’s entangled with historical trauma.
Diet culture, healthism, and even many “natural” protocols descend from colonial hierarchies that taught us to fear appetite, control the body, and mistrust intuition.
Decolonising wellness means recognising those roots, and choosing to practice differently.
It’s about returning to nourishment, relationship, and reciprocity as medicine.
In an upcoming blog, I’ll explore this more personally: how colonialism shaped my own relationship with food and body, and what it means to reclaim ancestral ways of eating, resting, and belonging.
Tolle Causam in a colonial world asks us not just to treat the physiology, but to heal the history that shaped it.
✨ Want to bring this into your own practice?
👉 Download my free practitioner guide: Working with Clients with Disordered Eating for Naturopaths - packed with weight-neutral care tips.
🌿 When you sign up, you’ll also join the waitlist for Body as Earth: Foundations in Disordered Eating Awareness for Nats, Nuts and Herbies and receive supportive emails every few weeks to help you integrate naturopathic principles into your work with clients experiencing ruptured relationships with food and their bodies.
In solidarity and care,
Casey Conroy
Accredited Practising Dietitian | Naturopath
As someone currently undertaking certification in Intuitive Eating counselling, the following principles in particular have stood out for me as being particularly helpful when working with the root causes of disordered eating:
- Reject the Diet Mentality (Principle 1): Food rules don’t address trauma or shame - they mask it.
- Cope with Your Emotions with Kindness (Principle 7): Teaching clients nervous system regulation (when appropriate), emotional literacy, and self-compassion, instead of punishment.
- Honour Your Health with Gentle Nutrition (Principle 10): Supporting nourishment and balance without rigid rules - building safety and trust in the body again. I go into explicit detail on how to facilitate this with your clients in my online training, Body as Earth: Foundations in Disordered Eating Awareness for Nats, Nuts and Herbies.
Together, these principles bring us back to the actual roots: nervous system regulation, nutrient adequacy, and dismantling the internalised shame of diet culture.
And yet, the deepest roots are cultural. As Gloria Lucas of Nalgona Positivity Pride writes, “Healing from an eating disorder is not a return to normal - it’s a return to yourself.” For many of our clients (and ourselves), that “return” involves decolonising what we’ve been taught about discipline, beauty, and worth.
And of course, roots aren’t only inside the body or psyche.
External environments matter too: stigma, poverty, racism, and cultural oppression are powerful determinants of health.
If we truly want to treat the cause, we must widen our lens beyond biochemistry and behaviour.
We must look at the soil our clients - and our profession - grow from.
Because disordered eating doesn’t just emerge from individual trauma; it’s entangled with historical trauma.
Diet culture, healthism, and even many “natural” protocols descend from colonial hierarchies that taught us to fear appetite, control the body, and mistrust intuition.
Decolonising wellness means recognising those roots, and choosing to practice differently.
It’s about returning to nourishment, relationship, and reciprocity as medicine.
In an upcoming blog, I’ll explore this more personally: how colonialism shaped my own relationship with food and body, and what it means to reclaim ancestral ways of eating, resting, and belonging.
Tolle Causam in a colonial world asks us not just to treat the physiology, but to heal the history that shaped it.
✨ Want to bring this into your own practice?
👉 Download my free practitioner guide: Working with Clients with Disordered Eating for Naturopaths - packed with weight-neutral care tips.
🌿 When you sign up, you’ll also join the waitlist for Body as Earth: Foundations in Disordered Eating Awareness for Nats, Nuts and Herbies and receive supportive emails every few weeks to help you integrate naturopathic principles into your work with clients experiencing ruptured relationships with food and their bodies.
In solidarity and care,
Casey Conroy
Accredited Practising Dietitian | Naturopath
References
Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724–731. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21727255/
Bacon, L., & Aphramor, L. (2014). Body respect: What conventional health books get wrong, leave out, and just plain fail to understand about weight. BenBella Books.
Bulik, C. M., & Reba-Harrelson, L. (2008). “Three Out Of Four American Women Have Disordered Eating, Survey Suggests”. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill / SELF magazine. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080422202514.htm
Kinsey, D. (2021). Decolonizing wellness: A queer-affirming guide to body liberation. North Atlantic Books.
Lucas, G. (Nalgona Positivity Pride). (2023). Anti-colonial approaches to eating disorder healing. Nalgona Positivity Pride. https://www.nalgonapositivitypride.com
National Eating Disorders Collaboration. (2024). Eating disorders in Australia. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/eating-disorders-in-australia
Strings, S. (2019). Fearing the Black body: The racial origins of fat phobia. New York University Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton.
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
Bacon, L., & Aphramor, L. (2014). Body respect: What conventional health books get wrong, leave out, and just plain fail to understand about weight. BenBella Books.
Bulik, C. M., & Reba-Harrelson, L. (2008). “Three Out Of Four American Women Have Disordered Eating, Survey Suggests”. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill / SELF magazine. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080422202514.htm
Kinsey, D. (2021). Decolonizing wellness: A queer-affirming guide to body liberation. North Atlantic Books.
Lucas, G. (Nalgona Positivity Pride). (2023). Anti-colonial approaches to eating disorder healing. Nalgona Positivity Pride. https://www.nalgonapositivitypride.com
National Eating Disorders Collaboration. (2024). Eating disorders in Australia. National Eating Disorders Collaboration. https://nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/eating-disorders-in-australia
Strings, S. (2019). Fearing the Black body: The racial origins of fat phobia. New York University Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton.
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
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