Primum non nocere. First, do no harm.
This is the first tenet of the naturopathic oath we all take on graduation day from college, and the most critical.
As naturopaths we strive not to add to the burden of problems of our patients. To refrain from damaging their physical, mental, or emotional wellbeing. To not intervene in ways that harm.
In many ways, we are good at abiding by this foundational tenet...
And yet… there's something insidious going on within the naturopathic profession that has not been called out. Despite our best intentions, it's doing serious harm to our clients, our profession, and ourselves.
That thing is a weight-focused approach to health, also known as the weight-centric health paradigm (WCHP) (O’Hara & Taylor, 2018). Whether directly or indirectly, promoting weight loss does irrefutable harm.
Even if it’s weight loss “for health.” Or “for fertility.” Or just because “who doesn’t want to be a bit leaner?”
This is the first tenet of the naturopathic oath we all take on graduation day from college, and the most critical.
As naturopaths we strive not to add to the burden of problems of our patients. To refrain from damaging their physical, mental, or emotional wellbeing. To not intervene in ways that harm.
In many ways, we are good at abiding by this foundational tenet...
- We know not to prescribe a herb that will interact dangerously with a client’s medication.
- We avoid recommending restrictive elimination diets when a gentler, more balanced approach will suffice.
- We double-check safety in pregnancy before recommending a herb or an essential oil
- We withhold a liver detox protocol when a client’s constitution is already depleted.
- We understand that sometimes less is more - that doing nothing is better than doing something that could cause harm.
And yet… there's something insidious going on within the naturopathic profession that has not been called out. Despite our best intentions, it's doing serious harm to our clients, our profession, and ourselves.
That thing is a weight-focused approach to health, also known as the weight-centric health paradigm (WCHP) (O’Hara & Taylor, 2018). Whether directly or indirectly, promoting weight loss does irrefutable harm.
Even if it’s weight loss “for health.” Or “for fertility.” Or just because “who doesn’t want to be a bit leaner?”
Rejecting Diets is Doing No Harm
Here’s where Intuitive Eating comes in. Its very first principle - Reject Diet Culture - mirrors Primum non nocere.
Diets don’t just fail in the long run. They cause measurable harm.
Given this evidence, how can we possibly collude with diet culture and still claim to practice do no harm? To prescribe or promote weight loss is not neutral; it is a harmful intervention that undermines health.
Diets don’t just fail in the long run. They cause measurable harm.
- Metabolic harm: In the famous “Biggest Loser” follow-up study, participants showed a sustained metabolic slowdown of around 700 calories/day, persisting six years after the intervention (Fothergill et al., 2016). This adaptive thermogenesis increases the risk of weight regain and long-term metabolic disturbance.
- Weight cycling: Repeated weight loss and regain (very common after diets) increases risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease - independent of BMI (Montani, Schutz, & Dulloo, 2015).
- Disordered eating: Dieting is one of the strongest predictors for the onset of eating disorders. Even “moderate” restriction can lead to binge-restrict cycles and clinical eating disorders (Stice, Marti, & Durant, 2011).
- Psychological harm: Dieting is associated with increased body dissatisfaction, food preoccupation, depression, and lowered self-esteem (Polivy & Herman, 1985).
- Nutrient deficiencies: Restrictive diets often reduce intake of essential micronutrients such as iron, calcium, and B vitamins (depending on which diet), particularly when multiple food groups are excluded (O’Hara & Taylor, 2018).
Given this evidence, how can we possibly collude with diet culture and still claim to practice do no harm? To prescribe or promote weight loss is not neutral; it is a harmful intervention that undermines health.
When Weight Loss Becomes “Natural Medicine”
When I first wrote the draft of this article, I just received two emails. One from a well-known nutraceuticals company promoting its “weight loss seminar” to naturopaths. The other - the same email - forwarded from a major natural medicine education institution to its students.
This is SO not okay.
Weight-loss-centred practice is in direct opposition to the first and most crucial naturopathic principle: do no harm.
It’s time - way past time - we course-correct. For the sake of our clients, our profession, and our integrity, we need to embrace a non-diet, weight-neutral, Health at Every Size® approach:
These approaches are not fluffy ideals or some kind of blind, "woke" body positivity trend - they are grounded in evidence, backed by systematic reviews and position statements from respected medical bodies (Royal Australasian College of Physicians [RACP], 2018). They align far more closely with our naturopathic oath than any supplement-branded "weight loss program" - or even the most well-intentioned naturopathic "weight management" treatment plan - ever could.
But lately, diet culture has learned to shapeshift. It wraps itself in language like non-diet, intuitive eating, and health prioritised over weight loss, while quietly selling the same old pursuit of thinness. This isn't something I alone have noticed and decided to complain about:
As Rachael Hartley (2021) explains, using Intuitive Eating as a weight-loss method “misrepresents the philosophy and reinforces the same external focus that dieting does.”
This co-option of healing frameworks confuses both practitioners and clients, eroding trust and muddying what true body-respecting care actually looks like.
A genuinely weight-neutral, intuitive, and naturopathic approach doesn’t pathologise the body’s natural diversity or rhythms. It seeks regulation rather than restriction, helping clients reconnect with their metabolic intelligence instead of trying to override it.
This is SO not okay.
Weight-loss-centred practice is in direct opposition to the first and most crucial naturopathic principle: do no harm.
It’s time - way past time - we course-correct. For the sake of our clients, our profession, and our integrity, we need to embrace a non-diet, weight-neutral, Health at Every Size® approach:
- Non-diet: stepping away from prescriptive meal plans (lookin' at you, Metabolic Balance), rigid food rules, and quick-fix programs.
- Weight-neutral: recognising that health can be pursued without making body size the target or the measure of success.
- Intuitive Eating: restoring trust in the body’s cues - hunger, fullness, satisfaction, and emotion - rather than outsourcing that wisdom to diet plans or apps. It’s a self-care framework grounded in interoception and compassion, not a “hunger-fullness diet.”
- Health at Every Size® (HAES®): an evidence-based framework that supports people of all shapes and sizes to pursue wellbeing through sustainable behaviours, dismantling weight stigma, and respecting body diversity (Bacon & Aphramor, 2011; Tylka et al., 2014).
These approaches are not fluffy ideals or some kind of blind, "woke" body positivity trend - they are grounded in evidence, backed by systematic reviews and position statements from respected medical bodies (Royal Australasian College of Physicians [RACP], 2018). They align far more closely with our naturopathic oath than any supplement-branded "weight loss program" - or even the most well-intentioned naturopathic "weight management" treatment plan - ever could.
But lately, diet culture has learned to shapeshift. It wraps itself in language like non-diet, intuitive eating, and health prioritised over weight loss, while quietly selling the same old pursuit of thinness. This isn't something I alone have noticed and decided to complain about:
- "It is important to be aware, though, that in a society driven by social media, where individuals can build personal brands, many who are not intuitive eating counseling certified are capitalising on promoting intuitive eating content. As a result, they are sharing incorrect messages about intuitive eating, such as the notion that it is simply ‘the hunger-fullness diet,’ which the ten guiding principles clearly show it is not." (Roth, 2024).
As Rachael Hartley (2021) explains, using Intuitive Eating as a weight-loss method “misrepresents the philosophy and reinforces the same external focus that dieting does.”
- "The most important reason to not use intuitive eating for weight loss is because those who are opting out of diet culture or recovering from an eating disorder deserve to have a tool that’s just for them. Please trust the many, many voices out there who have spoken out to say how diet culture and anti-fatness have harmed them - hating their body, thinking about food most of their waking hours, life threatening eating disorders, depression, anxiety, missing social events, and so on." (Hartley, 2021).
This co-option of healing frameworks confuses both practitioners and clients, eroding trust and muddying what true body-respecting care actually looks like.
A genuinely weight-neutral, intuitive, and naturopathic approach doesn’t pathologise the body’s natural diversity or rhythms. It seeks regulation rather than restriction, helping clients reconnect with their metabolic intelligence instead of trying to override it.
Weight Loss Doesn’t Work - Even if It’s “Natural”
Practitioner weight loss shakes and programs. Restrictive elimination diets. Calorie-deficit weight management plans. So-called metabolic resets marketed as health solutions.
These aren’t harmless lifestyle tweaks - they’re the modern naturopathic version of dieting. And they don’t work in the long term.
Take Metagenics’ Shake It Practitioner Weight Management Program. The official practitioner guide instructs clinicians to “establish an approx. 30% calorie deficit to the patient’s pre-program diet” by calculating BMR or phoning technical support for help. Of course someone will probably lose weight in the short term if they’re eating 30% fewer calories than they need - that’s basic starvation physiology FFS! But what happens next? The research is clear: metabolic adaptation kicks in, the body defends against the deficit, and weight regain is the rule, not the exception (Fothergill et al., 2016; Mann et al., 2013).
Or look at Metabolic Balance, currently marketed in naturopathic clinics as a “personalised nutrition program.” I know it's making some practitioners a good income, and I've already been dragged for this, but let's be real for just one minute: it’s a highly prescriptive elimination diet that limits portion sizes and fosters rigid, rule-based eating. While weight may drop initially, studies on similar structured diet programs show the benefits are short-lived, with most participants regaining the weight within two to five years (NHMRC, 2013). Restrictive regimens like this also increase the risk of disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and weight cycling (Polivy & Heatherton, 2015; Stice, Marti, & Durant, 2011).
And then there are newer players like Metaphysical Wellness, currently (at the time of writing) recruiting naturopaths and nutritionists for their “Metabolic Reset” program. Their free 3-day taster promises to “reset your metabolism, balance hormones, and unlock sustainable fat loss.” In practice, it’s just another low-carb, calorie-restriction plan dressed up in holistic language... complete with macro calculators, before and after photos including participants with known eating disorder histories (holy sh!t) and “pre-wedding fat loss” testimonials.
This isn’t vis medicatrix naturae. It’s diet culture hiding under a cloak of "natural medicine".
Whether it’s branded as clinical, personalised, or holistic, these “natural” weight-loss programs are built on the same flawed premise: calorie restriction leads to sustainable health. The evidence says otherwise. Short-term weight loss is followed by weight regain, often with added metabolic and psychological harm (Montani, Schutz, & Dulloo, 2015; Polivy & Herman, 1985).
As naturopaths, we cannot keep colluding with these systems and still claim to honour primum non nocere.
These aren’t harmless lifestyle tweaks - they’re the modern naturopathic version of dieting. And they don’t work in the long term.
Take Metagenics’ Shake It Practitioner Weight Management Program. The official practitioner guide instructs clinicians to “establish an approx. 30% calorie deficit to the patient’s pre-program diet” by calculating BMR or phoning technical support for help. Of course someone will probably lose weight in the short term if they’re eating 30% fewer calories than they need - that’s basic starvation physiology FFS! But what happens next? The research is clear: metabolic adaptation kicks in, the body defends against the deficit, and weight regain is the rule, not the exception (Fothergill et al., 2016; Mann et al., 2013).
Or look at Metabolic Balance, currently marketed in naturopathic clinics as a “personalised nutrition program.” I know it's making some practitioners a good income, and I've already been dragged for this, but let's be real for just one minute: it’s a highly prescriptive elimination diet that limits portion sizes and fosters rigid, rule-based eating. While weight may drop initially, studies on similar structured diet programs show the benefits are short-lived, with most participants regaining the weight within two to five years (NHMRC, 2013). Restrictive regimens like this also increase the risk of disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and weight cycling (Polivy & Heatherton, 2015; Stice, Marti, & Durant, 2011).
And then there are newer players like Metaphysical Wellness, currently (at the time of writing) recruiting naturopaths and nutritionists for their “Metabolic Reset” program. Their free 3-day taster promises to “reset your metabolism, balance hormones, and unlock sustainable fat loss.” In practice, it’s just another low-carb, calorie-restriction plan dressed up in holistic language... complete with macro calculators, before and after photos including participants with known eating disorder histories (holy sh!t) and “pre-wedding fat loss” testimonials.
This isn’t vis medicatrix naturae. It’s diet culture hiding under a cloak of "natural medicine".
Whether it’s branded as clinical, personalised, or holistic, these “natural” weight-loss programs are built on the same flawed premise: calorie restriction leads to sustainable health. The evidence says otherwise. Short-term weight loss is followed by weight regain, often with added metabolic and psychological harm (Montani, Schutz, & Dulloo, 2015; Polivy & Herman, 1985).
As naturopaths, we cannot keep colluding with these systems and still claim to honour primum non nocere.
Behaviour Change - Not Weight Loss - Improves Health
Some food for thought: weight loss isn’t a health behaviour. It’s an outcome - one the body will defend against at all costs. What actually improves health are behaviours: eating a wider variety of foods, moving joyfully, resting well, having social support, and lowering stress. These are the legit roots of health (Ernsberger, Paul, & Koletsky, 1999; Matheson, King, & Everett, 2012).
When we focus on weight, we undermine these very behaviours. Clients end up obsessing over “good” and “bad” foods, exercising out of guilt, spiralling into shame when the scales don’t move, and backlash binge eating. That isn’t prevention, it’s harm.
And just to be clear - I’m not anti–weight loss.
If someone’s weight changes while they’re focusing on improving their relationship with food, nourishing themselves consistently, managing stress, getting better sleep, or finding more joy in movement, that’s fine.
What I hold is weight neutrality.
That means I don’t celebrate weight loss as the ultimate marker of success (and certainly not the ultimate marker of health), and I don’t see weight gain as failure.
I care about what’s happening underneath: stress levels, mood, menstrual or perimenopausal symptoms, libido, digestion, sleep quality, lab results (but not just lab results!), body satisfaction, relationship with food, interoceptive awareness, self-esteem, and self-worth.
If health behaviours improve and the person feels more connected to their body, that’s progress. Whether the scale moves up, down, or not at all.
When we focus on weight, we undermine these very behaviours. Clients end up obsessing over “good” and “bad” foods, exercising out of guilt, spiralling into shame when the scales don’t move, and backlash binge eating. That isn’t prevention, it’s harm.
And just to be clear - I’m not anti–weight loss.
If someone’s weight changes while they’re focusing on improving their relationship with food, nourishing themselves consistently, managing stress, getting better sleep, or finding more joy in movement, that’s fine.
What I hold is weight neutrality.
That means I don’t celebrate weight loss as the ultimate marker of success (and certainly not the ultimate marker of health), and I don’t see weight gain as failure.
I care about what’s happening underneath: stress levels, mood, menstrual or perimenopausal symptoms, libido, digestion, sleep quality, lab results (but not just lab results!), body satisfaction, relationship with food, interoceptive awareness, self-esteem, and self-worth.
If health behaviours improve and the person feels more connected to their body, that’s progress. Whether the scale moves up, down, or not at all.
Shifting to Weight-Neutral Practice
The awesome news is that there is an evidence-based, compassionate alternative: Health at Every Size®, Intuitive Eating, and the Non-Diet Approach.
These approaches have RCTs and systematic reviews behind them (Clifford & Curtis, 2015; Tylka & Kroon Van Diest, 2013). They focus on behaviours, stigma reduction, inclusivity, and true holistic wellbeing.
They are not about weight - they are about health.
They fit naturopathic philosophy perfectly:
This is where naturopathy can shine. Our roots are in prevention, whole-person care, and vis medicatrix naturae. Honouring hunger, respecting fullness, respecting the body - these are not new ideas. They are what naturopathy has always claimed to stand for.
So let’s stop borrowing diet culture’s tools. Let’s stop selling shakes, “detox” packages, and calorie-deficit protocols dressed up as “holistic”... even if Metabolic Balance is lucrative. If we are to preserve the credibility and integrity of naturopathy, we need to step into weight-neutral, non-diet practice.
To practice with integrity, we need to uproot diet culture in our clinics, and in the quiet corners of ourselves.
These approaches have RCTs and systematic reviews behind them (Clifford & Curtis, 2015; Tylka & Kroon Van Diest, 2013). They focus on behaviours, stigma reduction, inclusivity, and true holistic wellbeing.
They are not about weight - they are about health.
They fit naturopathic philosophy perfectly:
- Do no harm = reject diets.
- Treat the whole person = see more than a BMI or body fat %.
- Docere = teach body trust, not calorie counts or following obscure "individualised" meal plans that "don't count calories" but still total only 1000 calories a day.
- Prevention = support sustainable, joyful habits.
- Vis medicatrix naturae = honour hunger, fullness, and satisfaction as nature’s wisdom.
This is where naturopathy can shine. Our roots are in prevention, whole-person care, and vis medicatrix naturae. Honouring hunger, respecting fullness, respecting the body - these are not new ideas. They are what naturopathy has always claimed to stand for.
So let’s stop borrowing diet culture’s tools. Let’s stop selling shakes, “detox” packages, and calorie-deficit protocols dressed up as “holistic”... even if Metabolic Balance is lucrative. If we are to preserve the credibility and integrity of naturopathy, we need to step into weight-neutral, non-diet practice.
To practice with integrity, we need to uproot diet culture in our clinics, and in the quiet corners of ourselves.
Where this series is headed
This article is Part 1 in a series exploring how the seven naturopathic principles line up with the principles of Intuitive Eating.
Alongside the blogs, I’ll be unpacking these ideas on The Non-Diet Naturopath podcast - where I’ll share stories, case studies, and interviews with colleagues who are already doing this work.
Why am I doing this work? Because this isn’t just theory. It’s about reshaping our clinical practice so that it actually aligns with the oath we swore the day we became naturopaths. That's my wee little vision, anyway :)
In solidarity and care,
Casey Conroy
Accredited Practising Dietitian | Naturopath | Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician | Intuitive Eating Counsellor in certification
✨ Want to start now?
👉 Download my free practitioner guide to learn how to support clients with disordered eating in naturopathic practice and begin offering truly weight-neutral care.
🌿 When you get the guide you'll also join the waitlist for Body as Earth: A Root-Cause Approach to Disordered Eating for Naturopaths - where we’ll dive into the how-to of integrating Intuitive Eating and weight-neutral frameworks into naturopathic practice.
- Next, we’ll dive into vis medicatrix naturae / honouring hunger and fullness - how connecting with and listening to the body is connecting with and listening to nature.
- Then we’ll explore tolle causam / challenging the food police and gentle nutrition - and why root-cause medicine means dismantling food rules, not reinforcing them.
- And so on through tolle totum, docere, prevention, and finally scientia critica, the most neglected but perhaps the most needed principle of all.
Alongside the blogs, I’ll be unpacking these ideas on The Non-Diet Naturopath podcast - where I’ll share stories, case studies, and interviews with colleagues who are already doing this work.
Why am I doing this work? Because this isn’t just theory. It’s about reshaping our clinical practice so that it actually aligns with the oath we swore the day we became naturopaths. That's my wee little vision, anyway :)
In solidarity and care,
Casey Conroy
Accredited Practising Dietitian | Naturopath | Credentialed Eating Disorder Clinician | Intuitive Eating Counsellor in certification
✨ Want to start now?
👉 Download my free practitioner guide to learn how to support clients with disordered eating in naturopathic practice and begin offering truly weight-neutral care.
🌿 When you get the guide you'll also join the waitlist for Body as Earth: A Root-Cause Approach to Disordered Eating for Naturopaths - where we’ll dive into the how-to of integrating Intuitive Eating and weight-neutral frameworks into naturopathic practice.
P.S. This is an updated and (slightly) shortened version of the blog post First Do No Harm that I wrote in 2019, which you can read here. I'm notoriously quite (extremely) verbose but am trying to be less long-winded as I grow older.
Suggested Further Reading & Resources
If you’re ready to explore weight-neutral, non-diet practice more deeply, here are some trusted starting points:
- Fiona Sutherland - The Mindful Dietitian website - themindfuldietitian.com.au for training and professional supervision for non-diet practice. I've known Fiona for many years and she is a trusted mentor and heart-led, non-diet ally!
- Fiona Willer - The Non-Diet Approach Guidebook for Dietitians (Brisbane: Lulu Press, 2013). Practical, client-friendly strategies for weight-neutral care. Also Fiona's Health Not Diets website - healthnotdiets.com for training, supervision, and resources for non-diet practice.
- Health at Every Size® (HAES) Australia - haesaustraliainc.wildapricot.org
- Intuitive Eating Official Website - intuitiveeating.org I'm currently completing the Intuitive Eating Counsellor certification by the original creators of this method, Elyse Resch and Evelyn Tribole.
- Linda Bacon & Lucy Aphramor - Body Respect: What Conventional Health Books Get Wrong, Leave Out, and Just Plain Fail to Understand about Weight (2014).
- National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) Australia - nedc.com.au (resources, statistics, practitioner guidelines).
References
Bacon, L., & Aphramor, L. (2011). Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutrition Journal, 10(1), 9. https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-10-9
Clifford, D., & Curtis, L. (2015). Health at Every Size (HAES) approach to weight loss: Evidence from randomized controlled trials. Journal of Obesity, 2015, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/580624
Ernsberger, P., Paul, S., & Koletsky, R. J. (1999). Weight cycling and mortality: Support from animal studies. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 18(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718862
Fothergill, E., Guo, J., Howard, L., Kerns, J. C., Knuth, N. D., Brychta, R., Chen, K. Y., Skarulis, M. C., Walter, M., Walter, P. J., & Hall, K. D. (2016). Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity, 24(8), 1612–1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21538
Hartley, R. (2021, July 26). Why intuitive eating should not be used in weight loss counseling. Rachael Hartley Nutrition. https://www.rachaelhartleynutrition.com/blog/why-intuitive-eating-should-not-be-used-in-weight-loss-counseling
Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A. M., Samuels, B., & Chatman, J. (2013). Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer. American Psychologist, 68(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028230
Matheson, E. M., King, D. E., & Everett, C. J. (2012). Healthy lifestyle habits and mortality in overweight and obese individuals. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 25(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2012.01.110164
Montani, J. P., Schutz, Y., & Dulloo, A. G. (2015). Dieting and weight cycling as risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: Who is really at risk? Obesity Reviews, 16(Suppl 1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12251
National Health and Medical Research Council. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults, adolescents and children in Australia. NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au
O’Hara, L., & Taylor, J. (2018). What’s wrong with the ‘war on obesity?’ A narrative review of the weight-centered health paradigm and development of the 3C framework to build critical competency for a paradigm shift. SAGE Open, 8(2), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018772888
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1985). Dieting and binging: A causal analysis. American Psychologist, 40(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.2.193
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2010). Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491
Roth, J. (2024, May 15). The rise of intuitive eating. Exploring Health. https://exploringhealth.org/2024/05/15/the-rise-of-intuitive-eating/
Royal Australasian College of Physicians. (2018). Tackling the obesity epidemic: Position statement on obesity. RACP. https://www.racp.edu.au/docs/default-source/advocacy-library/tackling-the-obesity-epidemic.pdf
Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. (2019). Management of obesity. In Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice (9th ed.). RACGP. https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/key-racgp-guidelines/view-all-racgp-guidelines/red-book
Schaefer, J. T., & Magnuson, A. B. (2014). A review of interventions that promote eating by internal cues. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(5), 734–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.024
Stice, E., Marti, C. N., & Durant, S. (2011). Risk factors for onset of eating disorders: Evidence of multiple risk pathways from an 8-year prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(10), 622–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.009
Stice, E., & Van Ryzin, M. J. (2018). A prospective test of the temporal sequencing of risk factor emergence in the dual pathway model of eating disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(3), 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000330
Tylka, T. L., & Kroon Van Diest, A. M. (2013). The Intuitive Eating Scale–2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(1), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030893
Tylka, T. L., Annunziato, R. A., Burgard, D., Daníelsdóttir, S., Shuman, E., Davis, C., & Calogero, R. M. (2014). The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. Journal of Obesity, 2014, 983495. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2014/983495
Tylka, T. L., Calogero, R. M., & Daníelsdóttir, S. (2019). Intuitive eating is connected to self-reported weight stability in community women and men. Eating Disorders, 28(3), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2019.1580126
Clifford, D., & Curtis, L. (2015). Health at Every Size (HAES) approach to weight loss: Evidence from randomized controlled trials. Journal of Obesity, 2015, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/580624
Ernsberger, P., Paul, S., & Koletsky, R. J. (1999). Weight cycling and mortality: Support from animal studies. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 18(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718862
Fothergill, E., Guo, J., Howard, L., Kerns, J. C., Knuth, N. D., Brychta, R., Chen, K. Y., Skarulis, M. C., Walter, M., Walter, P. J., & Hall, K. D. (2016). Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity, 24(8), 1612–1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21538
Hartley, R. (2021, July 26). Why intuitive eating should not be used in weight loss counseling. Rachael Hartley Nutrition. https://www.rachaelhartleynutrition.com/blog/why-intuitive-eating-should-not-be-used-in-weight-loss-counseling
Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A. M., Samuels, B., & Chatman, J. (2013). Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer. American Psychologist, 68(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028230
Matheson, E. M., King, D. E., & Everett, C. J. (2012). Healthy lifestyle habits and mortality in overweight and obese individuals. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 25(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2012.01.110164
Montani, J. P., Schutz, Y., & Dulloo, A. G. (2015). Dieting and weight cycling as risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: Who is really at risk? Obesity Reviews, 16(Suppl 1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12251
National Health and Medical Research Council. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults, adolescents and children in Australia. NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au
O’Hara, L., & Taylor, J. (2018). What’s wrong with the ‘war on obesity?’ A narrative review of the weight-centered health paradigm and development of the 3C framework to build critical competency for a paradigm shift. SAGE Open, 8(2), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018772888
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1985). Dieting and binging: A causal analysis. American Psychologist, 40(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.40.2.193
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2010). Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491
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